The experimental tractability of biological systems makes it possible to explore the idea that causal relationships can be estimated from observational data. “Happy is he who is able to know the ...

Key Points Fishbone diagrams are an effective way to brainstorm root causes for a potential problem. They are especially useful when there isn’t much data available to analyze the problem.

In academic writing it is necessary to be able to express the relationship between causes and their effects, or effects and their causes. Study this paragraph from a student's essay. The language of ...

It will serve the microbiological community well if Koch's postulates remain the gold standard to aim for when determining microbial cause and effect.