Benca used the plant growth chambers as a "time machine," as co-author and integrative biology professor at Berkeley, Ivo Duijnstee described it. He exposed 60 18-inch tall dwarf pine trees to ...

In addition to small and genetically dwarf fruit trees, there are those whose dwarf properties are imparted by their rootstocks. Dwarfing rootstocks for apples include Malling 9 (M.9) and Malling ...