The capacitors in the filters are deliberately too small so we can see the ripple at this scale. A normal R-2R ladder adds a stair-step graph (Red in 4b) to show how the PWM moves from one level to ...

Compare with PT8211 DAC, this module is capable to provide high-quality audio output with Raspbian OS. At the testing stages, we drive this DAC with the I2S bus of the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B board.

Astell&Kern’s A&futura SE300 DAP utilizes an R-2R Ladder DAC and looks to be an ideal match for the new A&K AURA IEMs that are also making their debut at High-End Munich 2023. By. Brian Mitchell.