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On the other hand, the long “a” sound is the same as the name of the letter “a”. It is often found in words where the letter “a” is followed by a silent “e” or in certain vowel combinations like “ai” ...
O makes the short sound because it's like it's closed in, like a closed syllable, so the vowel can't say its full name, so it's saying its short sound, ah. Repeat again, ah, ah, octopus. Awesome.