Gathering vision data for hundreds of vertebrates and invertebrates, biologists have deepened scientists' understanding of animal vision, including the colors they see. The researchers determined ...

When French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck set out to categorize the animal kingdom in 1801, he divided it into two groups: vertebrates, those with spines, and invertebrates, those without.

In this new study, a team used lampreys to look at how developmental changes may have promoted the evolution of vertebrate traits like fight-or-flight. They found evidence of the types of stem ...

Scientists have traced the origin of a unique protein responsible for the specialization of cells that are critical for vertebrate’s camera-like vision back 500 million years to a bacterial source.

Human-caused factors have led to anatomical changes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. One example is the peppered moth: In the early 20th century, air pollution killed the lichens they ...