(A) Electron micrograph of a human cell section showing three mitochondria. (B) Scheme of the protein complexes that form the ETS, showing the mitochondrial membranes in blue and red; NADH ...

A new study suggests electron transport chains—a metabolism system that creates usable energy—may have been present in Earth’s prebiotic minerals and sea water.

Heat and water deficit stresses tend to impede and restrict the efficiency of photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and maximum photochemical quantum yield in plants based on their characteristic ...