This work demonstrates how a multi-electrode array (MEA) dedicated to four-electrode bioimpedance measurements can be implemented on a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) chip. As a proof ...

Rotating ring disk electrodes (RRDEs) are a powerful and versatile tool for mechanistically investigating electrochemical reactions at electrode surfaces, particularly in the area of electroanalysis ...

A new 3D patterning technique over the vertical sidewall is described for wiring front and backside electrodes on the device chip. The resist layer with the latent image on the water-solvable polymer ...

Stable reference electrodes of noble metals coated with a thin film of FEP Teflon resin have been developed for the measurement of contact potentials in gases and vapors. Such electrodes exhibit ...