Concentration polarization of ion-exchange membranes in electrodialysis units limits operational current densities to the underlimiting regime, preventing process intensification by simply increasing ...

A polarizing phase shifter for quasi-optical transmission line with phase sections made of crystal quartz and polarizers executed on the basis of small-period wire gratings is considered.

We present an approach to fabricate 100 nm polarization gratings on the substrates of Si and quartz slide covered with an aluminum film in a 30 kV acceleration voltage electron beam lithography system ...