If you want to look into the early Earth, a key piece of the puzzle is the air of our planet’s ancient skies. Today, for instance, Earth’s atmosphere is filled with gases that support the ...

FOR various problems in meteorology and physics, it is of importance to know the composition of the earth's atmosphere at all heights. The most direct approach, namely, chemical analysis by ...

Over England, the boundary between troposphere and stratosphere lies between 10 km. and 11 km.; so far, however, we do not know where the large-scale mixing in the stratosphere becomes negligible.

This article was originally published with the title “ The Composition of the Upper Atmosphere ” in Scientific American Magazine Vol. 101 No. 12 (September 1909), p. 190 doi:10.1038 ...

image: The figures show the wind, temperature, and surface-atmosphere friction on a planet 1.45 times the size of the Earth in a 1-day orbit around an M dwarf.